Gout vs. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD) aka. pseudogout
Gout and Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD) , also known as pseudogout , are two forms of crystal-induced arthritis that...
Antithyroid Drug Use in Graves' Disease (Hyperthyroidism): Methimazole (MMI) and Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. The overproduction of thyroid...
How to order Blenderized Diet (order BD), Breast milk (BM/IF), Enteral Nutrition in Adults and Pediatrics
Enteral nutrition is the preferred method for providing nutrition to patients with functional gastrointestinal tracts, whether they are...
Comprehensive Guide to Bleeding Disorders, Platelet Dysfunction, Thrombocytopenia, and Coagulopathy
Bleeding disorders encompass a range of conditions in which the body’s ability to form clots is impaired, leading to abnormal bleeding or...
AEIOU mnemonic Indications for Hemodialysis (HD)
As an internal medicine resident, you will encounter patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) who may...
Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (UGIB, UGIH) Management: Variceal Bleeding vs. Non-Variceal Bleeding
Managing upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage requires distinguishing between variceal and non-variceal bleeding, both of which...
Safe Correction of Hyponatremia in Clinical Practice: Preventing Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome [Lock-in Syndrome]
Limit the rate of sodium increase: The serum sodium should not be increased by more than 10-12 mmol/L in the first 24 hours, and no more...
Ischemic Stroke vs Hemorrhagic Stroke, The TOAST Classification, FAST VAN Protocol, BEFAST.
Stroke, a medical emergency characterized by the sudden onset of neurological deficits due to disrupted blood flow to the brain, requires...
Red man syndrome, also known as Vancomycin flushing syndrome (VFS)
Definition: Redman syndrome (RMS) is an infusion-related adverse reaction characterized by erythema, pruritus, and in severe cases,...
CPOMR Mnemonic for Assessing Altered Consciousness
A table for a short recap of the CPOMR mnemonic , which provides a quick and structured approach to assessing patients with altered...
Pleural Effusion: Light’s Criteria, Parapneumonic Effusions, Empyema Thoracis, American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)
Definition Pleural effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural space, the cavity between the lungs and the chest...
Cannabis Toxidrome: Marijuana or Weed
Introduction: Cannabis, derived from the plant Cannabis sativa , is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances worldwide....
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
1. Diagnostic Criteria for HHS Serum Glucose: > 600 mg/dL Serum Osmolality: > 320 mOsm/kg pH > 7.3 Bicarbonate > 15 mmol/L Minimal or...
Primary indications for When to start antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
Seizures are a common neurological condition, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) play a critical role in the prevention of further episodes....
Management: 7.5% NaHCO3 50ml IV push of Metabolic Acidosis with Low Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Introduction to Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic acidosis is a critical condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of...
Pneumothorax: Pathology, Types, and Clinical Management
Pathology & Causes Pneumothorax refers to the abnormal collection of air in the pleural cavity, the space between the lung and the chest...
Talc Pleurodesis: Indications, Procedures, and Comparative Treatment Approaches
Introduction to Talc Pleurodesis Talc pleurodesis is a medical procedure designed to obliterate the pleural space by inducing...
The Role of WBC Casts (Eosinophils) in Urine from Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) patient
WBC casts are pathognomonic for inflammatory processes within the renal tubules , indicating an ongoing active inflammation in the renal...
Distinguishing Between Bacterial Colonization and True Infection in Urinary and Respiratory Systems: Urine Culture, Urine Gram (UG) and Sputum Culture, Sputum Gram
In clinical practice, differentiating between bacterial colonization and true infection is critical for avoiding unnecessary antibiotic...
Approach to Dyspnea
Comprehensive Approach to Dyspnea Dyspnea, or difficulty in breathing, is a multifactorial symptom that can be caused by various...
Clinical Conditions Associated with MAHA Blood picture: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP), Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), and HELLP Syndrome
A table recapping the clinical conditions associated with MAHA: Feature Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Hemolytic Uremic...
Systematic Approach to Chest Pain
Introduction Chest pain is a common and multifactorial symptom with potential causes ranging from benign to life-threatening. This...
Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome
Introduction Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome (DDS) is a rare but serious complication primarily associated with hemodialysis. It...